The likelihood of attending a naturalization ceremony is lower for Black people, men and people from Muslim-majority countries
The U.S. associates two statues with the cornerstones of its republic. The two figures are the Statue of Liberty, her torch lighting the way for immigrants, and Lady Justice, blindfolded to avoid bias from the eyes in the court.
The study, published on February 22 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, relied on information obtained from U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services . The data were not publicly available and could be acquired only through a Freedom of Information Act request, which was filed by the study’s first author, Emily Ryo, a professor of law and sociology at the University of Southern California Gould School of Law.
The addition of a Muslim-majority country of origin to any race or gender was associated with lower approval probabilities in all cases. White applicants from non-Muslim-majority countries had the highest predicted probability of acceptance, at 95.56 percent, compared with 90.43 percent of white applicants from Muslim-majority countries. The probability for Black non-Muslim applicants was 90.68 percent, compared with about 86.43 percent for Black Muslim applicants, who had the lowest chances.
Hernández points out that most applicants were married and most had children. “A single rejection has an enormous impact on the family unit,” he says. “Those rejections are affecting whole families, who may be losing a breadwinner. I found the numbers very significant.” To seek citizenship, an applicant must file a 20-page-long N-400 form, pay a fee of $725 and fulfill other requirements, such as proving residency, U.S.
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