New study captures the behavior of interacting electrons that give rise to insulating states, addressing a key unsolved puzzle in the field. Princeton-led researchers have unlocked mysteries of electron interactions in MATBG using advanced microscopy, paving the way for quantum technological adva
Scanning tunneling microscopy images of twisted bilayer graphene, which show the graphene atomic lattice and the magic-angle graphene moiré superlattice . Image Credit: Kevin Nuckolls, Yazdani Group
Specifically, the researchers were able to, for the first time, capture unprecedentedly precise visualizations of the microscopic behavior of interacting electrons that give rise to the insulating quantum phase of MATBG. Additionally, through the use of novel and innovative theoretical techniques, they were able to interpret and understand these behaviors.
How and why electrons form insulating states in MATBG has been one of the key unsolved puzzles in the field. The solution to this puzzle would not only unlock our understanding of both the insulator and the proximate superconductor, but also such behavior shared by many unusual superconductors that scientists seek to understand, including the high-temperature cuprate superconductors.
“The general idea of this experiment is that we wanted to ask questions about the origins of these quantum phases－to really understand what exactly are the electrons doing on the graphene atomic scale,” said Nuckolls. “Being able to probe the material microscopically, and to take images of its correlated states－to fingerprint them, effectively－gives us the ability to discern very distinctly and precisely the microscopic origins of some of these phases.
“The technical breakthrough that made this paper happen was our group’s ability to make the samples so pristine in terms of their cleanliness such that these high-resolution images that you see in the paper were possible,” said Ali Yazdani, the Class of 1909 Professor of Physics and Director of the Center for Complex Materials at Princeton University. “In other words, you have to make one hundred thousand atoms without a single flaw or disorder.
To help understand this from a theoretical viewpoint, the Princeton researchers collaborated with a team from the University of California-Berkeley, led by physicists B. Andrei Bernevig at Princeton and Michael Zaletel at Berkeley. This team developed a novel and innovative theoretical framework called “local order parameter” analysis to interpret the STM images and understand what the electrons were doing－in other words, how they were interacting－in the insulating phase.
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