New tool helps researchers investigate clouds, rain and climate change
Using the radiation approach, phase ratios more frequently show sharper transitions between the extreme values stemming from the utilization of the generalized hydrometeor fraction. In the case of the radar-sounding method, for example, there is a distinct dominance of liquid-bearing bins, which only require any amount of cloud water to be classified as such.
The modified fixed lidar threshold method is relatively consistent with the microphysics approach , even though some times are characterized by greater relative liquid occurrence at lower model levels . These phase ratio differences relative to the microphysics approach are the result of the convolution of the generalized hydrometeor fraction and its deviation relative to the cloud water fraction .
Using a top-down view, the COSP emulator agrees with both its application using the microphysics approach as well as the COSP output from the on-line simulator implemented in ModelE3, which utilizes the radiation approach , which can be explained by the lack of model interpolation onto a uniform vertical grid and/or small differences in the compiled simulator code related to signal attenuation .
We note that the treatment of the COSP emulator's “undefined” subcolumn bins as “ice” to produce phase ratio statistics leaves the impression that only ice hydrometeors exist below cloud top. However, a rather different impression of mostly liquid water dominance, though not as stark as in the radar-sounding method using the radiation approach, is perceived when the mass phase ratio calculated using the raw SCM output is examined .
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