The ALICE Training Institute — the largest for-profit private provider of active shooting training in the United States — was an early proponent of having teachers and students confront gunmen. There’s little evidence its approach works.
. Worth some $2.7 billion, the industry largely traces back to a single, tragic event: the Columbine High School shooting in 1999. After each subsequent school shooting — notably Sandy Hook in 2012 and Parkland in 2018 — the demand for active shooter training grew, and lockdown drills became more common.
The official term for this type of training is “options based,” referring to the many ways to respond to a shooting, as opposed to strictly locking down an area. In worst-case scenarios, ALICE advises students and teachers to consider “countering,” or confronting an intruder. ALICE also encourages students to throw objects at intruders to interrupt and distract them.
The group descended on Davis’s small home in a quiet, manicured neighborhood, and broke in the door. Within seconds, officer Allen Hill, who was leading the group, fired two shots, striking Troy Davis, who was pronounced dead at hospital. According to Hill, the man had pointed a loaded 9mm pistol at him when they arrived. Barbara Davis — who was asleep in another room — claimed her son was unarmed, wearing his pajama pants.
By Hill’s telling, the pair decided that Crane would be the public face of the business, named “Response Options,” while Hill would stay in the background, because of the negative publicity he’d received. Together, they would present new ideas about how to respond to shootings, refuting the lockdown-only model that was standard at the time.
In the late-2000s, Hill left Response Options after a falling out with Crane, who rebranded the company the ALICE Training Institute. There’s no trace of Hill in its marketing materials.
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