Pope Francis canonized 16 Carmelite martyrs executed during the French Revolution and recognized the martyrdom of five others, including Archbishop Eduard Profitlich and Salesian Father Elia Comini.
Pope Francis declared 16 Carmelite martyrs executed by guillotine during the French Revolution as saints and confirmed the martyrdom and heroic virtues of five others in a series of decrees published Dec. 18. Using what the Vatican called an'equipollent' or equivalent canonization, Pope Francis approved adding to the canon of saints Blessed Teresa of St. Augustine and 15 other members of the Carmelites of Compiègne killed during the French Reign of Terror.
The French revolutionary government outlawed religious life in 1790 and the community of Carmelites in Compiègne was forced to leave their convent two years later. In 1794, after being discovered to have continued living in community as consecrated women, they were tried and publicly executed by guillotine. The decree, supported by the cardinals and bishops who are members of the Dicastery for the Causes of Saints, was approved by Pope Francis and extends devotion to the Carmelite martyrs to the universal church. The other decrees approved by Pope Francis Dec. 18 included recognition of the martyrdom of Archbishop Eduard Profitlich, who died in a Russian prison in 1942. Archbishop Proffitlich was born in the German empire in 1890, joined the Jesuits and served as a nurse in the First World War before being ordained a priest. He was later made a titular archbishop and served as apostolic administrator of Estonia, where he remained following the Soviet occupation of the country in 1940. The archbishop was arrested after Germany's attack on the Soviet Union in 1941 and was taken prisoner in Russia, where he was charged with anti-Soviet agitation and espionage. He died from exposure Feb. 22, 1942. The pope also recognized the martyrdom of Salesian Father Elia Comini, who was born near Bologna, Italy, May 7, 1910, and was killed out of hatred of the faith Oct. 1, 1944, during World War I
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