A new model explains the rarity of planets with masses that fall between super-Earths and mini-Neptunes. A new model that takes into account the various forces acting on newborn planets can explain two puzzling observations that have been observed among the more than 3,800 known planetary systems.
An illustration of the variations among the more than 5,000 known exoplanets discovered since the 1990s. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
The first mystery, “radius valley”, refers to the unusual scarcity of exoplanets with a radius around 1.8 times that of Earth. According to observations made by’s Kepler spacecraft, planets of this size are about 2-3 times less common than super-Earths and mini-Neptunes .
An illustration depicting the scarcity of exoplanets about 1.8 times the size of Earth that were observed by NASA’s Kepler spacecraft. Credit: A. Izidoro/Rice University
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