It blasted into the mesosphere, the third layer of Earth's atmosphere
The plume had so much upward momentum in rising that it couldn’t “put the brakes on” when it came time to stop rising, resulting in a bubbling lump known as an overshooting top. The plume immediately subsided after its initial pulse of buoyancy, which created an undulating bobber-like motion that sent ripples known as “gravity waves” outward.
The effects of the eruption are still being studied, but NASA reports material from the volcano had completed a full revolution around Earth in the Southern Hemisphere’s atmosphere within the first two weeks following the eruption. It does not appear that a sufficient quantity of sulfur dioxide was released to cool Earth’s climate.In previous versions of this post, the headline and first paragraph incorrectly said the Hunga Tonga plume reached 38 miles into Earth's atmosphere.
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