Amid calls for peace talks and 'security guarantees' for Russia, Ukrainian officials have referenced the Budapest Memorandum in retort, but what was it?
, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine became the parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, leaving their nuclear arsenals to Russia.Respect the signatory's independence and sovereignty in the existing borders.Refrain from economic coercion designed to subordinate to their own interest the exercise by the signatory of the rights inherent in its sovereignty and thus to secure advantages of any kind.
In fact, as the agreement was taking shape, U.S. State Department lawyers highlighted a distinction between"security guarantee" and"security assurance," with the former entailing a military response by the co-signatory countries if one of the sides were to violate the agreement. Notably, the word"guarantees" remained in the titles of both Russian and Ukrainian translations of the agreement, though an equivalent of"assurances" was then used in the body of the documents, adding to the confusion.
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