Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, Mark Antony, and Octavian transformed Rome 2,000 years ago through military might, power plays, and political intrigue
Julius Caesar irrevocably leads his troops across the Rubicon onto Italian soil, instigating a war with the Senate.The metaphor “Crossing the Rubicon” describes a step that commits to an irreversible course of action, but where does it come from? Julius Caesar, of course. The year was 49 B.C., and Caesar, Pompey, and their allies were embroiled in a three-year civil war against Rome.
In one of their most atrocious acts, they put to death and confiscated the property of some 3,000 patricians, including Cicero, who openly rebuked the triumvirate. The great Roman philosopher was an outspoken critic of Antony, and upon his death, Antony’s wife, Fulvia, took Cicero’s severed head, spat on it, and jabbed his tongue repeatedly with her hairpin, taking postmortem revenge against the famous orator.
’s eastern territories. Believing that Antony deserved to be sole ruler, his wife, Fulvia, and brother, Lucius, mounted a civil war that was put down by Octavian. Tensions rose between the triumvirs.
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