USIP report offers ways for the United States to diversify its critical mineral supply chains through mutually beneficial partnerships in Africa.
emphasizes the importance of the United States government being engaged in the Africa n critical minerals sector if it is to diminish its dependence on China and fortify its national security and foreign policy interests.
Some critical minerals are commonly recognized, such as cobalt, lithium and nickel. Cobalt is essential to consumer electronics, including cell phones. Lithium is a critical input to the electric vehicle and long-term storage batteries central to the energy transition. Other minerals are lesser known, including antimony, and important in defense applications. Many critical minerals are not mined in the United States but are mined in African countries.
What are the potential risks and vulnerabilities associated with the United States' dependency on China for key critical minerals? The United States has a project underway to support a graphite mining project in Mozambique, with processing to be done in Louisiana -- an effort to counter Chinese dominance of this critical mineral. This is an example of the United States looking to Africa to help overcome a critical mineral vulnerability.
The development of natural resources often heightens conflict, with security implications. Too often in African countries and elsewhere, the benefits of natural resource development go to too few, while many more bear its costs, including population displacement and environmental degradation. This can lead to resentment and even violent conflict.
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